This image shows induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells after neuronal differentiation. The neurons express a pan neuronal marker Map2 in green and a percentage of the cells express a marker for inhibitory neurons, GABA, in red. The cells’ nuclei are stained blue. Credit: UC San Diego Health
The vast majority of cases of ASD are idiopathic (cause unknown). Researchers have created a “mini-brain” model, derived from persons with a particular form of idiopathic ASD characterized by over-sized brains, revealing a defective molecular pathway during brain development that results in early neuronal overgrowth and dysfunctional cortical networks. “The bottom line is that we can now effectively model idiopathic ASD using a cohort of individuals selected by a clear endophenotype. In this case, brain volume,” said A/prof Alysson R. Muotri, PhD.
The characteristics and causes of ASD are diverse and not entirely known — facts that have made it difficult to fully uncover relevant genetic, pathologic and cellular factors that might be broadly shared. One distinct pathophysiology or disordered process is the occurrence of macrencephaly with early neuronal overgrowth and abnormally enlarged brains. Macrencephaly occurs in the first 3 years of life and precedes the first clinical signs of ASD. ~20% of ASD individuals have macrencephaly.
The researchers reasoned that ASD individuals with macrencephaly likely shared an underlying molecular and cellular pathology. They created neural progenitor cells programmed from induced pluripotent stem cells derived from children with ASD. “By genome sequencing, we realized that some, but not all, carried clear mutations in the Wnt pathway, which is a molecular pathway previously implicated in cancer,” said Muotri. “Defects on cell cycle control were also obvious from gene expression on these cells. Thus neural progenitor cells derived from these kids proliferate faster than controls, explaining the big brain phenotype.”
Next, the researchers differentiated the progenitor cells into networks of cortical neurons, the primary functional cell type of the brain’s cortex (gray matter). “We showed that ASD networks fail to produce inhibitory neurons and found that several receptors and neurotransmitters related to GABA are misregulated on these neurons. We also showed that the number of excitatory synapses is reduced, leading to functional defects when we analyzed the maturation of neuronal networks over time. Basically, we detected a lack of burst synchronization (when multiple neurons fire simultaneously).
Finally, the team tested a drug already in clinical trials (IGF-1) on a cohort, finding that it provoked a reversal of neural alterations, though the degree of response varied by ASD individual. It is possible to more effectively stratify ASD individuals for clinical trials by identifying persons who are likely to be more responsive to specific therapies using their “mini-brains” in a dish. http://infowebbie.com/scienceupdate/dna-origami-lights-microscopic-glowing-van-gogh-2/
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