DREADDs are specifically expressed in glial cells. Astrocytes, but not tanycytes, are activated by DREADDs and fasting. Morphological changes in astrocytes are also induced by DREADDs and fasting.
MIT neuroscientists have discovered that glial cells play a critical role in controlling appetite and feeding behavior. In a study of mice, activating these cells stimulates overeating, and that when the cells are inhibited, appetite is also suppressed. The findings could offer scientists a new target for developing drugs against obesity and other appetite-related disorders. The study is also the latest in recent years to implicate glial cells in important brain functions. Until about 10 years ago, glial cells were believed to play more of a supporting role for neurons.
“In the last few years, abnormal glial cell activities have been strongly implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. There is more and more evidence to point to the importance of glial cells in modulating neuronal function and in mediating brain disorders,” says Guoping Feng, the James W. and Patricia Poitras Professor of Neuroscience.
It has long been known that the hypothalamus controls appetite as well as energy expenditure, body temperature, and circadian rhythms including sleep cycles. While performing studies on glial cells in other parts of the brain, Chen noticed that the hypothalamus also appeared to have a lot of glial cell activity. Within the hypothalamus, scientists have identified 2 key groups of neurons that regulate appetite, known as AgRP neurons and POMC neurons. AgRP neurons stimulate feeding, while POMC neurons suppress appetite.
Until recently it has been difficult to study the role of glial cells in controlling appetite or any other brain function, because scientists haven’t developed many techniques for silencing or stimulating these cells, as they have for neurons. Glial cells, which make up about half of the cells in the brain, have many supporting roles, including cushioning neurons and helping them form connections with one another. In this study, the team used a new technique developed at the University of North Carolina to study a type of glial cell known as an astrocyte. Using this strategy, researchers can engineer specific cells to produce a surface receptor that binds to a chemical compound, CNO, a derivative of clozapine. Then, when CNO is given, it activates the glial cells.
The MIT team found that turning on astrocyte activity with just a single dose of CNO had a significant effect on feeding behavior. “When we gave the compound that specifically activated the receptors, we saw a robust increase in feeding,” Chen says. “Mice are not known to eat very much in the daytime, but when we gave drugs to these animals that express a particular receptor, they were eating a lot.”
The researchers also found that in the short term (3 days), the mice did not gain extra weight, even though they were eating more. “This raises the possibility that glial cells may also be modulating neurons that control energy expenditures, to compensate for the increased food intake,” Chen says. “They might have multiple neuronal partners and modulate multiple energy homeostasis functions all at the same time.” When the researchers silenced activity in the astrocytes, they found that the mice ate less than normal.
Still unknown is how the astrocytes exert their effects on neurons. Some recent studies have suggested that glial cells can secrete chemical messengers such as glutamate and ATP; if so, these “gliotransmitters” could influence neuron activity. Another hypothesis is that instead of secreting chemicals, astrocytes exert their effects by controlling the uptake of neurotransmitters from the space surrounding neurons, thereby affecting neuron activity indirectly.
Feng now plans to develop new research tools that could help scientists learn more about astrocyte-neuron interactions and how astrocytes contribute to modulation of appetite and feeding. He also hopes to learn more about whether there are different types of astrocytes that may contribute differently to feeding behavior, especially abnormal behavior. http://news.mit.edu/2016/brain-cells-structural-support-influence-appetite-1018
https://elifesciences.org/content/5/e18716#fig2s4
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