1, Schematic shows a perovskite sample (black) examined by the photothermal induced resonance technique. When the sample absorbs pulses of light (depicted as disks in purple cones), the sample expands rapidly, causing the cantilever of an atomic force microscope (AFM) to vibrate like a struck tuning fork. The cantilever’s motion, which is detected by reflecting the AFM laser light (red) off the AFM detector, provides a sensitive measure of the amount of light absorbed.  2. Image recorded by an atomic force microscope reveals the topography of a polycrystalline sample of the perovskite, including the boundaries between crystals. 3. Illustration shows that in response to an applied stress, such as bending, the boundaries of the ferroelastic domains (red and blue regions depict domains oriented in different directions) become bigger or smaller. Credit: NIST
Crystalline materials known as perovskites could become the next superstars of solar cells. Over the past few years, researchers have demonstrated that a special class of perovskites—those consisting of a hybrid of organic and inorganic components—convert sunlight into electricity with an efficiency above 20% and are easier to fabricate and more impervious to defects than the standard solar cell made of crystalline silicon. As fabricated today, however, these organic/inorganic perovskites (OIPs) deteriorate well before the typical 30-year lifetime for silicon cells, which prevents their widespread use in harnessing solar power.
Now a team led by Andrea Centrone at NIST and Jinsong Huang and Alexei Gruverman of the University of Nebraska has found the first solid evidence for a property of OIPs that may provide a new way to improve their long-term stability as solar cells. The unexpected feature that the team found is known as ferroelasticity—a spontaneous rearrangement of the internal structure of OIPs in which each crystal subdivides into a series of tiny regions, or domains, that have the same atomic arrangement but which are oriented in different directions. This rearrangement creates a spontaneous strain in each domain that exists even in the absence of any external stress (force).
“The role of the ferroelastic domains on the material stability must be understood,” said Centrone. At high temperatures, OIP crystals do not subdivide and have the same cubic arrangement of atoms throughout. At room temperature, however, the OIP crystal structure changes from cubic to tetragonal, in which one axis of the cube elongates. That’s where the ferroelastic property of the material comes into play. “To transform from a cubic to a tetragonal arrangement, one axis of the cube must elongate. In the process, each crystal subdivides into smaller domains in which the elongated axis can point in a different direction, leading to spontaneous internal strain,” explained team member Evgheni Strelcov of NIST and the University of Maryland.
At present, it remains unknown whether ferroelasticity is a property that improves or hinders the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells. But the very fact that OIPs have this internal structure, breaking up single crystals into domains, is important to investigate. Boundaries between crystals—so-called inter-grain boundaries—are known to be weak points, where structural defects concentrate. Similarly, the boundaries between the newly discovered ferroelastic domains inside a single crystal—intra-grain boundaries—might also affect the stability of OIPs and their performance as solar cells.
The researchers discovered that by bending the crystals, they could reliably move, create or eliminate the ferroelastic grain boundaries—the borders between subdivided crystal regions having different orientations—thus enlarging or reducing the size of each domain. The bending also changed the relative fraction of domains pointing in different orientations.
https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2017/05/unexpected-property-may-raise-materials-prospects-solar-cell
Recent Comments