comivo tagged posts

EPOXY RESIN

~ also known as polyepoxides; EP 828 acrylate; ED 20 acrylate; E 44, acrylate; YD 128 acrylate; Pacrosir VE 196, etc. is a class of reactive prepolymers and polymers which contain epoxide groups.

Epoxy resins may be reacted either with themselves through catalytic homopolymerization, or with a wide range of co-reactants including polyfunctional amines, acids, phenols, alcohols, and thiols. These co-reactants are often called hardeners or curatives, and the cross-linking reaction is referred to as curing. Reaction of polyepoxides with themselves or with polyfunctional hardeners forms a thermosetting polymer. As of 2006, the epoxy industry amounts to more than US$5 billion in North America and about US$15 billion worldwide.

Chemical structure:  C₂₁H₂₅ClO_5. Epoxy resins are lo...

SEBACIC ACID

~ also known as decanedioic acid; 111-20-6; 1,8-Octanedicarboxylic acid; 1,10-Decanedioic acid. Sebacic acid is a saturated, straight-chain naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with 10 carbon atoms and is a normal urinary acid. Sebacic Acid Market size was above USD 300 million in 2016 and consumption might surpass 100 kilo tons by 2024. 90% of world production occurs in China.

Chemical structure:  HOOC(CH₂)₈COOH or C₁₀H₁₈O₄ 

Properties: White flake or granular powder. Melting point 153°F. Slightly soluble in water and sublimes slowly at 750 mm Hg at melting point.

Production: Sebacic acid can be made from phenols and cresols, but castor oil oxidation is a greener process. Byproducts include glycerol, octanol and polymer residue. 

a) Castor oil is heated to about ...

ACETIC ACID

 

~ also known as Ethanoic acid; 64-19-7; Ethylic acid; Acetic acid, glacial; Methanecarboxylic acid etc. is the second simplest carboxylic acid (after methanoic acid) and is a weak monoprotic acid. Global demand for acetic acid is about 6.5 million metric tons per year (Mt/a), of which ~1.5 Mt/a is met by recycling; the rest made from methanol.

Chemical structure:  CH₃COOH (CH₃CO₂H, C₂H₄O₂). It has a methyl group attached to a carboxyl group.

Properties: hygroscopic, corrosive liquid with a vinegar-like odor. At physiological pHs, acetic acid is usually fully ionised to acetate.

Production: 

Acetic acid is produced industrially both synthetically and by bacterial fermentation

a) Methanol carbonylation (approximately 75% of acetic acid in the chemical industry): Metha...

BENZOIC ACID

~Benzoic acid is also known as 65-85-0; Benzenecarboxylic acid; Dracylic acid; Carboxybenzene; Benzeneformic acid etc. occurs naturally in many plants and is used as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many metabolites. It is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid and is fairly cheap and readily available.

Chemical structure: C₇H₆O₂ (or C₆H₅COOH)

Odor/ color: faint pleasant, odor, colorless crystalline solid

Production: 

a) Commercially it is produced by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen, and catalyzed by cobalt or manganese naphthenate.

b) Hydrolysis: benzonitrile/ benzamide can be hydrolyzed to benzoic acid or its conjugate base in acid/ basic conditions.

c) Cannizzaro reaction: Disproportionation (redox reaction) of benzaldehyde -> benzoate and benzyl alcoh...