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Mysterious moon rust explained by oxygen coming from Earth’s ‘wind’

Mysterious moon rust explained by oxygen coming from Earth's
The chemical and microstructure characteristics of O-irradiated magnetite (Mag) after H-implantation. Credit: Geophysical Research Letters (2025). DOI: 10.1029/2025gl116170

In 2020, scientists reported the detection of hematite, an iron oxide mineral otherwise known as rust, distributed through the higher latitudes of the moon, particularly on the nearside. This came as a surprise, considering the low concentrations of oxygen—which is required for the formation of rust—on the moon. Researchers proposed several theories to account for the origins of the oxygen in moon rust, including the degassing of volatiles from lunar magma, asteroids, comets, or large impact events.

However, the only explanation that could account for the distribution patterns of the hematite was that oxyge...

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