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Model of mechanisms of gut microbiota-host communication influencing aging factors. The gut microbiota communicates with the metabolic, inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways via direct and indirect mechanisms. As the physiological changes in all three of these axes are cross-regulatory, the simultaneous action implemented by the gut microbiota makes it a powerful influence in aging and age-related chronic disease development. Abbreviations: glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), target of rapamycin (TOR), Forkhead Box O protein (FOXO), sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP), acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), tight junction proteins (TJPs), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), toll-like receptor (TLR)4, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), activator protein (AP)-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, T helper (Th)17, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC)-1α, sirtuin (SIRT), reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Experiments in fruit flies show increased lifespan thanks to a combination of probiotics and an herbal supplement. You are what you eat. Or so the saying goes. Science now tells us that we are what the bacteria living in our intestinal tract eat and this could have an influence on how well we age. Building on this, McGill University scientists fed fruit flies with a combination of probiotics and an herbal supplement called Triphala that was able to prolong the flies’ longevity by 60 % and protect them against chronicdiseases associated with aging.
The study, published in Scientific Reports, adds to a growing body of evidence of the influence that gut bacteria can have on health. The researchers incorporated a symbiotic – made of probiotics with a polyphenol-rich supplement – into the diet of fruit flies. The flies fed with the symbiotic lived up to 66 days old – 26 days more than the ones without the supplement. They also showed reduced traits of aging, such as mounting insulinresistance, inflammation and oxidativestress.
“Probiotics dramatically change the architecture of the gutmicrobiota, not only in its composition but also in respect to how the foods that we eat are metabolized,” says Satya Prakash, professor of biomedical engineering in McGill’s Faculty of Medicine and senior author of the study. “This allows a single probiotic formulation to simultaneously act on several biochemical signalingpathways to elicit broad beneficial physiological effects, and explains why the single formulation we present in this paper has such a dramatic effect on so many different markers.”
The fruit fly is remarkably similar to mammals with about 70 % similarity in terms of their biochemical pathways, making it a good indicator of what would happen in humans, adds Prakash. “The effects in humans would likely not be as dramatic, but our results definitely suggest that a diet specifically incorporating Triphala along with these probiotics will promote a long and healthy life.”
The authors also say that the findings can be explained by the “gut–brainaxis,” a bidirectional communication system between the microbiota – and the brain. In the past few years, studies have shown the gut-brain axis to be involved in neuropathological changes and a variety of conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, neurodegeneration and even depression. Few studies, however, have successfully designed gut microbiota-modulating therapeutics having effects as potent or broad as the formulation presented in the new study.
The herbal supplement used in the study, Triphala, is a formulation made from amalaki, bibhitaki and haritaki, fruits used as medicinal plants in Ayurveda, a form of traditional Indian medicine. Susan Westfall, a former PhD student at McGill and lead author of the study, says the idea of combining Triphala and probiotics comes from her long-standing interest in studying natural products derived from traditional Indian medicine and their impact on neurodegenerative diseases.
“At the onset of this study, we were hopeful that combining Triphala with probiotics would be at least a little better than their individual components in terms of physiological benefit, but we did not imagine how successful this formulation would be,” says Westfall, who is now a postdoctoral fellow at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York, USA.
The new study, which includes data filed in a US provisional patent through a company cofounded by the authors, has the potential to impact the field of the microbiome, probiotics and human health.
Considering the broad physiological effects of this formulation shown in the fruit fly, Prakash hopes their formulation could have interesting applications in a number of human disorders such as diabetes, obesity, neurodegeneration, chronic inflammation, depression, irritable bowel syndrome and even cancer.
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