Category Health/Medical

Dreaming. REM sleep is understood to be a critical component of sleep in all mammals, including humans. Credit: © Anton Maltsev / Fotolia

For decades, scientists have fiercely debated whether rapid eye movement (REM) sleep – the phase where dreams appear – is directly involved in memory formation. Now researchers provide evidence that REM sleep does, indeed, play this role – at least in mice. “We already knew that newly acquired information is stored into different types of memories, spatial or emotional, before being consolidated or integrated,” says Sylvain Williams, a researcher and professor of psychiatry at McGill.

“How the brain performs this process has remained unclear – until now...

rs10830963 is an eQTL in human islets conferring increased MTNR1B mRNA expression • Melatonin inhibits cAMP rises in mouse islets and clonal insulin-secreting cells • Melatonin blocks insulin release in mouse islets and clonal insulin-secreting cells • Melatonin’s inhibition of insulin release is stronger in risk allele carriers

A sleeping pancreas releases less insulin, but how much insulin drops each night may differ from person to person. Up to 30% of the population may be predisposed to have a pancreas that’s more sensitive to the insulin-inhibiting effects of melatonin, a circadian rhythm hormone. People with this increased sensitivity carry a slightly altered melatonin receptor gene that is a known risk factor for type 2 diabetes.

Large-scale studies have identified over 100 ...

Autophagy is required for the migration and invasion of metastatic tumor cells •Autophagy promotes the degradation of paxillin and focal adhesion turnover •Paxillin interacts with LC3B through a conserved LIR in a Src-regulated manner •Autophagy is required for Src-regulated tumor cell motility

Inhibiting autophagy effectively blocks tumor cell migration and breast cancer metastasis in tumor models. They demonstrate that the process is essential for tumor metastasis and describe the mechanisms that connect autophagy to cell migration. Metastasis is responsible for 90% of cancer deaths.

2 MD/PhD students working in MacLeod’s laboratory, Marina Sharifi and Erin Mowers, noticed that when they placed metastatic breast cancer cells on a dish and monitored them with time-lapse microscopy, ...

Scientists have developed a material that can mimic cartilage and potentially encourage it to re-grow.

Compared to other types of connective tissue cartilage is not easy to repair. Researchers have developed a bio-glass material that mimics the shock-absorbing and load bearing qualities of real cartilage. It can be formulated to exhibit different properties, and they are now hoping to use it to develop implants for replacing damaged cartilage discs between vertebrae. They believe it also has the potential to encourage cartilage cells to grow in knees, which has previously not been possible with conventional methods.

The bio-glass consists of silica and a plastic or polymer called polycaprolactone...