Category Physics

Wavemeter setup: (a) Laser light is delivered into an integrating sphere (S) of diameter Dsphere, via an angled single mode fibre (SMF), where it undergoes numerous scattering events. A camera (C) located at a distance L from the integrating sphere observation port captures the speckle patterns. A wavemeter or Fabry–Perot interferometer (REF) is used to benchmark the speckle wavemeter. (b) An example of a speckle pattern captured by the camera at a wavelength of 780 nm with an image size of 512 × 512 pixels (with individual pixels of 4.5 × 4.5 μm2). The white scale bar denotes 200 pixels, and the colour bar shows the intensity in normalized units.

1. Tsubasa Nakamura, project leader of Cartivator, second from left, watches the flight of the test model of the flying car on a former school ground in Toyota, central Japan, Saturday, June 3, 2017. Cartivator Resource Management, in which Toyota invested 42.5 million yen ($386,000), showed to reporters Saturday a test flight of a concoction of aluminum framing and propellers. It took off several times, hovering at eye level for a few seconds, before falling to the ground. (AP Photo/Koji Ueda)
2. This undated artist rendering released by Cartivator shows a flying car Cartivator plans to develop in the future. Cartivator Resource Management, in which Toyota invested 42...

Photosystems (PS) I and II are large protein complexes that contain light-absorbing pigment molecules needed for photosynthesis. PS II captures energy from sunlight to extract electrons from water molecules, splitting water into oxygen and hydrogen ions (H+) and producing chemical energy in the form of ATP. PS I uses those electrons and H+ to reduce NADP+ (an electron-carrier molecule) to NADPH. The chemical energy contained in ATP and NADPH is then used in the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide to sugars.
Credit: Brookhaven National Laboratory

The Muon g-2 electromagnet at Fermilab, ready to receive a beam of muon particles. The ring generates a remarkably uniform magnetic field with which scientists will study properties of the muon in a hunt for undiscovered particles and forces. Credit: Reidar Hahn/Fermilab