New Gravity Map suggests Mars has a Porous Crust

A new map of the thickness of Mars’ crust shows less variation between thicker regions (red) and thinner regions (blue), compared to earlier mapping. This view is centered on Valles Marineris, with the Tharsis Montes near the terminator to its west. The map is based on modeling of the Red Planet’s gravity field by scientists at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. The team found that globally Mars’ crust is less dense, on average, than previously thought, which implies smaller variations in crustal thickness. Credit: NASA/Goddard/UMBC/MIT/E. Mazarico

A new map of the thickness of Mars’ crust shows less variation between thicker regions (red) and thinner regions (blue), compared to earlier mapping. This view is centered on Valles Marineris, with the Tharsis Montes near the terminator to its west. The map is based on modeling of the Red Planet’s gravity field by scientists at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. The team found that globally Mars’ crust is less dense, on average, than previously thought, which implies smaller variations in crustal thickness. Credit: NASA/Goddard/UMBC/MIT/E. Mazarico

NASA scientists have found evidence that Mars’ crust is not as dense as previously thought, a clue that could help researchers better understand the Red Planet’s interior structure and evolution...

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Mechanism Behind Calorie Restriction, Lengthened Lifespan Revealed

DREAM analysis in CR animals. a Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis of methylation values in all genomic regions. The green to red scale indicates the methylation percentage. The color codes for age and caloric status are shown on the left. b DNA methylation in AL old animals vs. CR old animals. Average DNA methylation level of each CpG site in CR old individuals (x axis), methylation in AL old individuals is shown on the y axis. The red and green dots represent CpG sites within CGI and non-CGI, respectively. The full range (0–100%) of methylation level is shown on the left and the low range (0–20%) is magnified and shown on the right. c Correlation between the effects of CR and age-related methylation drift in AL animals. The x axis shows methylation changes per year in AL-fed animals. Positive/negative value means methylation increase/decrease with age, respectively. The y axis shows the differences of methylation percentage between CR old and AL old animals. Each dot represents a CpG site. Spearman r values and the corresponding two-tailed p-values were calculated

DREAM analysis in CR animals. a Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis of methylation values in all genomic regions. The green to red scale indicates the methylation percentage. The color codes for age and caloric status are shown on the left. b DNA methylation in AL old animals vs. CR old animals. Average DNA methylation level of each CpG site in CR old individuals (x axis), methylation in AL old individuals is shown on the y axis. The red and green dots represent CpG sites within CGI and non-CGI, respectively. The full range (0–100%) of methylation level is shown on the left and the low range (0–20%) is magnified and shown on the right. c Correlation between the effects of CR and age-related methylation drift in AL animals...

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Scientists discover Genetic Timetable of Brain’s Aging Process

Trajectories and turning points characterise brain age. (a) Percentage of TTTPs at each age of human lifespan. Mean age is 26.0 years for males and 27.5 years for females. (b) Percentage of TTTPs at each age of human lifespan using three different methods for fitting splines. Mean age is 31.3 years using cubic splines with 3 degrees of freedom, 21.6 years using cubic splines with 4 degrees of freedom and 25.2 years using Loess regression. (c) Percentage of TTTPs at each age of mouse. Mean age is 156 days for males and 165 days for females. (d) Cumulative sum of TTTP scores for every year of life in the Braincloud dataset. (e) Cumulative sum of TTTP scores for every year of life in the mouse hippocampus dataset. (f) The TTTPs for genes with the greatest expression changes prior to the TTTP (ΔE) were concentrated around the late-twenties. (g) Percentage of probes associated with TTTPs that up- or down-regulate prior to turning. (h) Percentage of probes with TTTPs which plateau or reverse after turning. (i) and (j). Age of individual mice and humans can be accurately predicted using a Support Vector Machine trained on the expression data. Individual points represent each mRNA sample.

Trajectories and turning points characterise brain age. (a) Percentage of TTTPs at each age of human lifespan. Mean age is 26.0 years for males and 27.5 years for females. (b) Percentage of TTTPs at each age of human lifespan using three different methods for fitting splines. Mean age is 31.3 years using cubic splines with 3 degrees of freedom, 21.6 years using cubic splines with 4 degrees of freedom and 25.2 years using Loess regression. (c) Percentage of TTTPs at each age of mouse. Mean age is 156 days for males and 165 days for females. (d) Cumulative sum of TTTP scores for every year of life in the Braincloud dataset. (e) Cumulative sum of TTTP scores for every year of life in the mouse hippocampus dataset...

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Expanding Polymer enables Self-Folding Printable structures Without Heating or Immersion in Water

Expanding polymer enables self-folding printable structures without heating or immersion in water

Plants like the Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis; or commonly, spotted touch-me-not) use stress ingeniously for the ballistic dispersal of their seeds. The plant stores energy in its seed pods in the form of inbuilt stresses by controlling tissue hydration. When gently touched, these pods explode and curl up to launch their seeds. Using a similar concept, S. Sundaram and coworkers demonstrate the use of 3D-printing to fabricate flat electronic composites with residual stress in specific regions. Credit: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Researchers from MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) and colleagues report a printable structure that begins to fold itself up as soon as it’s peeled off the printing platform...

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