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    Category Health/Medical

    Neurons in our Gut help the Immune System keep Inflammation in check

    January 23, 2016, Categories  Health/Medical, Biology/Biotechnology

    Neurons say relax: This three-dimensional view of part of a mouse intestine shows the neurons that surround tissue-protective immune cells. These neurons release norepinephrine, which instructs the immune cells to activate an anti-inflammatory response.

    Neurons say relax: This three-dimensional view of part of a mouse intestine shows the neurons that surround tissue-protective immune cells. These neurons release norepinephrine, which instructs the immune cells to activate an anti-inflammatory response.

    The immune system must protect against potential infections, but over-vigilant reactions can cause problems. New research shows neurons in the intestine send signals to immune cells to curb inflammation. This could have Rx implications for gastrointestinal diseases such as IBS.

    Lamina propria macrophages are found very close to the lining of the intestinal tube, while muscularis macrophages are in a deeper tissue layer, more distant from what passes through the intestine...

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    Protein found that Improves Mobility after Spinal Cord Injuries

    January 22, 2016, Categories  Health/Medical, Biology/Biotechnology

    Injured mouse spinal cord. Credit: UAB

    Injured mouse spinal cord. Credit: UAB

    Spinal cord injuries cause severe functional disabilities in those who sustain them, including paraplegia or tetraplegia, depending on the scale of the injury. This is due to the degeneration of the spinal pathways that carry nerve signals from the brain to the different parts of the body and vice versa, resulting in loss of mobility and sensitivity underneath the injured area. Over the past few years, different studies have shown that the inflammatory response that develops after an injury contributes to the degeneration of these pathways, thus increasing the functional deficits brought by the injury. However, clinical trials using anti-inflammatory drugs like methylprednisolone have not proven their efficacy.

    This work shows for the first time that ...

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    At least 60 genetic diseases called Neurocutaneous disorders affect Skin, Nervous system, neurologists report

    January 22, 2016, Categories  Health/Medical, Biology/Biotechnology

    The extent and severity of manifestations of NF vary greatly from person to person and varies within the same family. Although isolated café-au-lait spots can be found in many people without NF, individuals with more than 5 of these have a good chance of also having NF1, particularly if they appear on the skin within the first 5 years of life. More than 5 café-au-lait spots are found in 1.8% of newborns, 25-40% of children and 14% of adults with NF1. Freckling under the armpits is a clear sign of NF1. After puberty, Lisch nodules are present in 97-100% of patients with NF1. Clinically, they do not cause any problems but help to confirm diagnosis. There are basically 4 types of neurofibromas found in NF1: Cutaneous: superficial, soft button-like tumours with no malignant potential Subcutaneous: tumours in the dermis that may cause localised pain or tenderness Nodular plexiform: large network of tumours involving the dorsal nerve roots Diffuse plexiform: invasive tumours that may involve all layers of skin, muscle, bone and blood vessels

    The extent and severity of manifestations of NF vary greatly from person to person and varies within the same family.
    Although isolated café-au-lait spots can be found in many people without NF, individuals with more than 5 of these have a good chance of also having NF1, particularly if they appear on the skin within the first 5 years of life. More than 5 café-au-lait spots are found in 1.8% of newborns, 25-40% of children and 14% of adults with NF1. Freckling under the armpits is a clear sign of NF1.
    After puberty, Lisch nodules are present in 97-100% of patients with NF1. Clinically, they do not cause any problems but help to confirm diagnosis.
    There are basically 4 types of neurofibromas found in NF1:
    Cutaneous: superficial, soft button-like tumours with no malignant potential
    Subcutaneous...

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    Memory Capacity of Brain is 10X more than Previously thought

    January 21, 2016, Categories  Health/Medical, Biology/Biotechnology

    Salk scientists computationally reconstructed brain tissue in the hippocampus to study the sizes of connections (synapses). The larger the synapse, the more likely the neuron will send a signal to a neighboring neuron. The team found that there are actually 26 discrete sizes that can change over a span of a few minutes, meaning that the brain has a far great capacity at storing information than previously thought. Pictured here is a synapse between an axon (green) and dendrite (yellow). Credit: Salk Institute

    Salk scientists computationally reconstructed brain tissue in the hippocampus to study the sizes of connections (synapses). The larger the synapse, the more likely the neuron will send a signal to a neighboring neuron. The team found that there are actually 26 discrete sizes that can change over a span of a few minutes, meaning that the brain has a far great capacity at storing information than previously thought. Pictured here is a synapse between an axon (green) and dendrite (yellow). Credit: Salk Institute

    The brain’s memory capacity is in the petabyte range, as much as entire Web. The new work answers a longstanding question as to how the brain is so energy efficient and could help engineers build computers that are incredibly powerful but also conserve energy.

    “This is a real bombshel...

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