Nuclear and cytoplasmic PTEN signaling. PTEN localizes to both the cytoplasm and the nucleus and shuttles between each by a variety of mechanisms. PTEN function is, at least in part, determined by its subcellular localization.
Pten (short for phosphatase and tensin homolog) is a tumor suppressor that is defective in about 20-25% of all patients with cancers. Mayo Clinic researchers now have discovered that Pten safeguards against tumor formation by keeping chromosome numbers intact when a cell splits into 2 daughter cells. In this study, the last 3 amino acids of the Pten protein, which are often missing in human cancers, were found to be critical for forming an intact mitotic spindle, a structure required for accurate chromosome segregation.
Pten is the most prominent human tumor suppressor after p53. The current thinking is that Pten’s phosphatase activity counteracts PI3 kinase activity. Loss of this function causes tumor formation through uncontrolled stimulation of AKT, an enzyme that stimulates cell proliferation and survival and is often hyperactive in human tumors. For years, there has been speculation that Pten defects found in cancer patients also lead to the reshuffling of the cell’s chromosomes, but it was unknown how that would happen and how it propels cancer growth. The Mayo study now provides definitive answers to these long-standing questions.
“We found that Pten localizes to mitotic spindle poles to recruit the ‘motor’ protein EG5, which moves the poles apart to form a perfectly symmetrical bipolar spindle that accurately separates duplicated chromosomes,” says Jan van Deursen, Ph.D., a molecular biologist and cancer researcher at Mayo Clinic. The team further found the recruitment process involves Dlg1, an Eg5-binding protein that docks to the last 3 Pten amino acids at spindles poles. Importantly, mutant mice lacking these amino acids have abnormal chromosome numbers and form tumors at high frequency. The researchers say these new findings predict that a large proportion of Pten tumors will be hypersensitive to Eg5-inhibiting drugs, providing new opportunities for targeted cancer therapy. http://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-uncovers-how-one-gene-protein-suppresses-tumor-formation/ http://www.nature.com/ncb/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ncb3369.html
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